![]() borneensis was known as “Old World’s smallest frog”. The iris is bronze on black in life, but wholly black in preservative (Das and Haas 2010 INger 1966). Tadpole coloration: Larvae appear moderately dark grey in life due to the presence of scattered melanocytes, but cream-colored in preservative with translucent belly and tail fins. The tail tip is short and acuminate to flagellar (Das and Haas 2010). Tail fins begin at the junction of the trunk and tail, with the ventral fin higher than the dorsal fin. Vent is medial and embedded in the lower tail fin. Prior to metamorphosis, nostrils are not perforated (do not open externally). Gill filter apparatus is reduced in size and complexity compared to that of other microhylids. The lower jaw has a very reduced labial flap that is separated from a "chin-like" bulge by a dermal fold this lower labium has two knob-like papillae at the corners and three vestigial papillae, producing an undulating contour of the lip. Tadpole morphology: The tadpole has a terminal mouth with a greatly reduced oral disc. Males have a median subgular vocal sac, in addition to having greatly reduced first fingers, but lack nuptial pads (Das and Haas 2010).Ĭoloration: The ground color is reddish brown. The inner metatarsal tubercle (dark, smaller), as well as the outer metatarsal tubercle (large, pale, and elongated but not shovel-shaped) are present. Subarticular tubercles are rounded and prominent on toes. Toes have reduced webbing and the same sort of longitudinal grooves as the fingers. Subarticular tubercles are rounded and are prominently visible on Fingers II-IV. ![]() ![]() Finger I is greatly reduced (a nub resembling a tubercle in males a single phalanx is visible in females). Fingers (and toes) have longitudinal grooves on the dorsal surfaces, forming two "scales". Fingers lack webbing and fringe fingertips are slightly swollen, but not to the point of being dilated. The webbing is broad and doesn’t reach the disks of the first and second toes (Inger 1966). The subarticular tubercles are not expanded and there is no division in the outer palmar tubercles. The tips of the three outer fingers are wider than the basal phalanges. There is no visible tympanum (Inger 1966). A weak supratympanic fold is present (Das and Haas 2010). The anterior edge of the mandible has a weak W-shaped notch (symphysial knob). The tongue is oval-shaped, large, and is free for about half its length. The mouth extends to the posterior corner of jaw. It lacks both vomerine and maxillary teeth. Nostrils are lateral and nearer to tip of snout than to eye. The canthus rostralis is obtuse and the loreal region is vertical. The snout, obtusely pointed in both dorsal and lateral view, projects well beyond the lower jaw. The skin is smooth or tuberculated, but the venter is smooth (Inger 1966). borneensis has a stout, subtriangular and flattened body (Das and Haas 2010 Inger 1966). Calls can also be used to distinguish the two. malang have darker coloration than those of M. malang breeds in ponds and pools while M. malang, but can be distinguished by its smaller snout-vent length, less developed toe webbing, the absence of a mid-dorsal black spot and lack of light lines that edge dorsal dark markings in M. borneensis is morphologically similar to M. Diagnosis: Microhyla borneensis is a diminutive microhylid species (SVL 10.6-12.8 mm in eight male specimens, 17.9-18.8 mm in two female specimens) that can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: a brown, tuberculate dorsum with scapular marking in the shape of an hourglass (though tubercles and markings are indistinct in preservative), tubercles somewhat more distinct on flanks than on its back, mid-vertebral ridge beginning at the forehead and continuing in a weak, broken line to posterior, the forehead lacking a dermal fold, no tympanic annulus or membrane, males with greatly reduced Finger I, resembling a tubercle, toe tips slightly expanded, longitudinal grooves on phalanges, resulting in two structures resembling scales, Toe IV basally webbed, narrow dermal fringing on toes and both inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present (Das and Haas 2010).
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